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WASHINGTON — Tobacco companies deliberately changed the menthol levels in cigarettes depending upon whom they were marketing them to — lower levels for young smokers who preferred the milder brands and higher levels to "lock in lifelong adult smokers," researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health concluded.

Their finding is based on a review of more than 500 internal tobacco-industry documents from 1985 through 2007.

Researchers said the documents showed that tobacco companies studied how controlling levels of menthol could increase brand sales. They concluded new and young smokers liked mild menthol that masked the harshness of tobacco smoke. Veteran smokers, the companies are said to have concluded, favored stronger doses of menthol for its cooling effects on their throats.

The findings come as Congress weighs whether to grant the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authority to regulate tobacco products, including additives, at the national level. The bill would allow the FDA to ban all cigarette flavorings except menthol. If FDA tests of menthol showed it added to the health risks of smoking, the agency could ban menthol, too.

No conclusive evidence shows menthol cigarettes to be more harmful than conventional ones, said Terry Pechacek, the associate director of the Office of Smoking and Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Pechacek said there was evidence that menthol smokers had a harder time quitting.

Menthol has proven appeal to young people and is popular among African-American smokers, two-thirds or more of whom smoke mentholated brands, according to Gregory Connolly, a co-author of the report and the director of Harvard’s Tobacco Control Research Program.

According to the program’s lab tests of menthol concentrations in cigarettes since 2000, menthol went down in brands the young preferred and went up in brands that were aimed at older smokers.

According to the Harvard researchers’ report, the "rapid introduction" of new milder menthol brands violates a provision in the Master Settlement Agreement of 1998 between tobacco companies and state governments that prohibits them from targeting youths.

BEIJING—Li Zhigang inhaled deeply from a cigarette while sitting on his haunches last week near the Beijing Railway Station before deciding there was no way that tighter smoking regulations would change where or when he would grab a smoke.

Li, a 30-year-old real estate salesman, said he could support tighter rules in theory but could not see himself changing his habits.

A bill aiming to replace the current text warnings on cigarettes packs with pictures on the effects of smoking will be discussed in the committee on health Tuesday at the House of Representatives.
Under HB 3364 or the Picture-Based Health Warning Bill, all packages of cigarettes and other tobacco products shall have colored and graphic health warnings on their front and back panels to warn the public about the hazardous effects of smoking.
"Madali lang po makinig [pero] hindi naman natin talaga nakikita yung mga nangyayari. Pag nakita po talaga natin, baka magdalawang isip na tayo, [It’s easy to listen, we never really get to see the effects. Maybe if we do, we may change our minds]" Congresswoman Anna York Bondoc, co-author of the bill, said.
If the bill is implemented, the sale of cigarettes that do not have the graphic health warnings will be banned, while descriptions of the brand such as "low tar, "light," ultra-light," and "mild" that might mislead the public will be removed, Bondoc said.
Cigarette manufacturers will also be mandated to shoulder the printing expenses of the picture-based health warnings, she said.
Manufacturers, importers, exporters, and distributors not complying with the rules will pay a fine of P1 million on the first offense, P5 million on the second offense, and P20 million on the third offense. An imprisonment of not more than one year may also be imposed on the third offense upon the discretion of the court, according to the bill. Implementation of the bill is targeted for Sept. 6, 2008, the deadline of the compliance of the Philippines with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), according to Congresswoman Risa Hontiveros-Baraquel, co-author of HB 3364.
The FCTC is a world treaty on smoking which took effect in 2005 with 350 countries, including the Philippines, as signatories. Other countries, such as Canada and Singapore have imposed the use of picture-based health warnings on cigarette packs.
"Kung nagawa nga ng iba, bakit hindi natin magawa dito [If other countries were able to implement it, why not here]?" said Dr. Ulysses Dorotheo, FCTC Program Manager of the Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance. He cited the cigarette packs with image warnings that were being sold in Thailand but manufactured in the Philippines.

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Millions of Russians could be urged to kick their favourite habit if a global anti-smoking treaty is ratified by the country’s lawmakers. The treaty boosts health warnings on packets and calls an end to advertising. Half a million Russians die every year from smoke-related diseases. Having played an active role in the framing of the Global Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Russia is still not a member.
In Russia, 60% of men and 30% of women smoke cigarettes.
According to State Duma Chairman Boris Gryzlov, “Russia is the third most prolific producer in the world of tobacco products - some 414 billion cigarettes annually. But unlike the U.S. who are the world leaders and who export most of what they produce, Russian tobacco is consumed within the country”.
The World Health Organization Global Framework Convention on Tobacco Control was adopted in 2003 and came into effect two years later. More than 150 countries already ratified it.
The document outlines tough measures aimed at reducing tobacco consumption. “For example, within three years 30 per cent of the surface area of cigarettes packet would have to carry warnings over harmful smoking is. In five years we would have to bring tobacco advertising to heel. There’s a whole lot of work to be done in this respect,” explains Ivan Dubov from the Ministry of Public Health and Social Development.
Although certain measures have already been adopted by law makers, Russia still seems to be lagging behind Europe in its anti-smoking policies. Public smoking has been banned in Ireland since 2004, in the UK since July last year and in Germany, employers can refuse to hire smoker.
But with a strong tobacco lobby and an average price for a pack of cigarettes at just around one dollar - one tenth of the price in the UK - the task of getting Russians to cut back their habit is a long one.

NEW YORK — Cigarettes companies Thursday won a legal round against smokers who claimed they were misled about the health effects of light cigarettes.
The U.S. 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan overturned class-action status for a lawsuit seeking at least $200 billion on behalf of tens of millions of smokers.
The damages theoretically could have ballooned to as much as $800 billion. If that were the case, it would have become the largest class action in American history, said Theodore M. Grossman, a lawyer for the tobacco companies.
The defendants, including Philip Morris USA, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., prefer trying each case on its own, saying circumstances for each smoker vary widely.
Grossman said the ruling had "tremendous significance," in part because there were similar class-action lawsuits pending in various states which made the same claims. The lawsuit said cigarettes companies promoted light cigarettes as a lower-risk alternative to regular cigarettes, even though their internal documents allegedly showed they knew the risks were about the same. The class may consist of as many as 60 million people, lawyers say.
Michael Hausfeld, who argued the case for smokers, said the ruling was upsetting but no decision had been made about whether to appeal. "Not only was a lot of money spent on a product that wasn’t what it was represented to be, but a lot of lives were lost and diseases contracted unnecessarily," Hausfeld said.
The case against the cigarette makers was first filed in 2004. The three-judge appellate panel Thursday knocked down a 2006 ruling by U.S. District Judge Jack Weinstein in Brooklyn that granted the class-action status. The appeals court did say that some smokers may have relied on misrepresentations by tobacco companies to varying degrees.
The plaintiffs’ lawyers argued that they could prove on a class-wide basis that smokers would not have favored light cigarettes had the truth been known. The appeals court said each individual would have to prove whether he or she relied completely, in part, or not at all on marketing misrepresentations in purchasing light cigarettes.